Abjad H
JEJAK
MAHASISWA
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Dibuat
12/19/2011 | ||||||||||||||
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habituation
A simple kind of learning involving a loss of sensitivity to unimportant stimuli, allowing an animal to conserve time and energy.
haploid cell
(HAP-loid) A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).
Hardy-Weinberg theorem
An axiom maintaining that the sexual shuffling of genes alone cannot alter the overall genetic makeup of a population.
haustorium
(plural, haustoria) In parasitic fungi, a nutrient-absorbing hyphal tip that penetrates the tissues of the host but remains outside the host cell membranes.
Haversian system
(ha-VER-shun) One of many structural units of vertebrate bone, consisting of concentric layers of mineralized bone matrix surrounding lacunae, which contain osteocytes, and a central canal, which contains blood vessels and nerves.
heat
The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form.
heat-shock protein
A protein that helps protect other proteins during heat stress, found in plants, animals, and microorganisms.
helper T cell (TH)
A type of T cell that is required by some B cells to help them make antibodies or that helps other T cells respond to antigens or secrete lymphokines or interleukins.
hemoglobin
(HEE-moh-gloh-bin) An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
hemolymph
In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues.
hepatic portal vessel
A large circulatory channel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine to the liver, which regulates the blood's nutrient content.
herbivore
A heterotrophic animal that eats plants.
hermaphrodite
(her-MAF-roh-dite) An individual that functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs.
heterochromatin
(HET-ur-oh-KROH-muh-tin) Nontranscribed eukaryotic chromatin that is so highly compacted that it is visible with a light microscope during interphase.
heterochrony
Evolutionary changes in the timing or rate of development.
heterocyst
(HET-ur-oh-sist) A specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation on some filamentous cyanobacteria.
heteromorphic
(HET-ur-oh-MOR-fik) A condition in the life cycle of all modern plants in which the sporophyte and gametophyte generations differ in morphology.
heterosporous
(HET-ur-OS-pur-us) Referring to plants in which the sporophyte produces two kinds of spores that develop into unisexual gametophytes, either female or male.
heterotroph
(HET-ur-oh-TROHF) An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.
heterozygote advantage
(HET-ur-oh-ZY-gote) A mechanism that preserves variation in eukaryotic gene pools by conferring greater reproductive success on heterozygotes over individuals homozygous for any one of the associated alleles.
heterozygous
(HET-ur-oh-ZY-gus) Having two different alleles for a given genetic character.
hibernation
A physiological state that allows survival during long periods of cold temperatures and reduced food supplies, in which metabolism decreases, the heart and respiratory system slow down, and body temperature is maintained at a lower level than normal.
histamine
(HISS-tuh-meen) A substance released by injured cells that causes blood vessels to dilate during an inflammatory response.
histone
(HISS-tone) A small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in its chromatin structure.
HIV
(human immunodeficiency virus) The infectious agent that causes AIDS; HIV is an RNA retrovirus.
holoblastic cleavage
(HOH-loh-BLAS-tik) A type of cleavage in which there is complete division of the egg, as in eggs having little yolk (sea urchin) or a moderate amount of yolk (frog).
homeobox
(HOME-ee-oh-BOX) A 180-nucleotide sequence within a homeotic gene encoding the part of the protein that binds to the DNA of the genes regulated by the protein.
homeosis
Evolutionary alteration in the placement of different body parts.
homeostasis
(HOME-ee-oh-STAY-sis) The steady-state physiological condition of the body.
homeotic genes
(HOME-ee-OT-ik) Genes that control the overall body plan of animals by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells.
homologous chromosomes
(home-OL-uh-gus) Chromosome pairs of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother.
homologous structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
homology
Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.
homosporous
(home-OS-pur-us) Referring to plants in which a single type of spore develops into a bisexual gametophyte having both male and female sex organs.
homozygous
(HOME-oh-ZY-gus) Having two identical alleles for a given trait.
hormone
One of many types of circulating chemical signals in all multicellular organisms that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and coordinate the various parts of the organism by interacting with target cells.
Human Genome Project
An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.
humoral immunity
(HYOO-mur-al) The type of immunity that fights bacteria and viruses in body fluids with antibodies that circulate in blood plasma and lymph, fluids formerly called humors.
hybrid zone
A region where two related populations that diverged after becoming geographically isolated make secondary contact and interbreed where their geographical ranges overlap.
hydrocarbon
(HY-droh-kar-bon) An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
hydrogen bond
A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
hydrogen ion
A single proton with a charge of +1. The dissociation of a water molecule (H2O) leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a hydrogen ion (H+).
hydrolysis
(hy-DROL-eh-sis) A chemical process that lyses or splits molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion.
hydrophilic
(HY-droh-FIL-ik) Having an affinity for water.
hydrophobic interaction
A type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude the water.
hydrophobic
(HY-droh-FOH-bik) Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.
hydrostatic skeleton
(HY-droh-STAT-ik) A skeletal system composed of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment; the main skeleton of most cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids.
hydroxyl group
(hy-DROKS-ul) A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.
hyperpolarization
An electrical state whereby the inside of the cell is made more negative relative to the outside than at the resting membrane potential. A neuron membrane is hyperpolarized if a stimulus increases its voltage from the resting potential of -70 mV, reducing the chance that the neuron will transmit a nerve impulse.
hypertonic solution
A solution with a greater solute concentration than another, a hypotonic solution.
hypha
(HY-fa) (plural, hyphae) A filament that collectively makes up the body of a fungus.
hypothalamus
(HY-poh-THAL-uh-mus) The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors, which regulate the anterior pituitary.
hypotonic solution
A solution with a lesser solute concentration than another, a hypertonic solution.
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